community, for which change and development is frequently associated with liberalizing heterodoxy. Stability and constancy act as proxy guarantors of dogmatic normativity, and any doctrine that seems to appear out of nowhere, as it were, is consequently in for a rough time. Strangely, this is precisely the fate that has befallen the doctrine of election. While Augustine, Gottschalk, and Aquinas all spoke in differing ways about predestination between the fifth and thirteenth centuries, it was not